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====== 第十四章：继承与多态 ======

===== 本章目标 =====

完成本章学习后，你将能够：
  * 理解继承的概念和用途
  * 实现单继承和多继承
  * 使用方法重写和super()
  * 理解多态和鸭子类型
  * 掌握抽象基类

===== 继承基础 =====

==== 单继承 ====

<code python>
class Animal:
    """动物基类"""
    
    def __init__(self, name):
        self.name = name
    
    def speak(self):
        raise NotImplementedError("子类必须实现此方法")
    
    def info(self):
        return f"{self.name} is an animal"

class Dog(Animal):  # Dog继承Animal
    """狗类"""
    
    def __init__(self, name, breed):
        super().__init__(name)  # 调用父类构造方法
        self.breed = breed
    
    def speak(self):  # 方法重写（覆盖）
        return f"{self.name} says woof!"
    
    def fetch(self):  # 子类特有方法
        return f"{self.name} is fetching"

class Cat(Animal):
    """猫类"""
    
    def speak(self):
        return f"{self.name} says meow!"

# 使用
dog = Dog("Buddy", "Golden Retriever")
cat = Cat("Whiskers")

print(dog.speak())   # Buddy says woof!
print(cat.speak())   # Whiskers says meow!
print(dog.fetch())   # Buddy is fetching
print(dog.info())    # Buddy is an animal（继承的方法）
</code>

==== super()函数 ====

<code python>
class A:
    def __init__(self):
        print("A.__init__")
        self.a = "A"

class B(A):
    def __init__(self):
        print("B.__init__")
        super().__init__()  # 调用A的__init__
        self.b = "B"

class C(B):
    def __init__(self):
        print("C.__init__")
        super().__init__()  # 调用B的__init__（实际是调用MRO中的下一个）
        self.c = "C"

# MRO（方法解析顺序）
print(C.__mro__)  # (<class 'C'>, <class 'B'>, <class 'A'>, <class 'object'>)
</code>

===== 多继承 =====

<code python>
class Flyable:
    def fly(self):
        return f"{self.name} is flying"

class Swimmable:
    def swim(self):
        return f"{self.name} is swimming"

class Duck(Animal, Flyable, Swimmable):  # 多继承
    def __init__(self, name):
        super().__init__(name)
    
    def speak(self):
        return f"{self.name} says quack!"

# 使用
duck = Duck("Donald")
print(duck.speak())  # Donald says quack!
print(duck.fly())    # Donald is flying
print(duck.swim())   # Donald is swimming
</code>

==== MRO和菱形继承 ====

<code python>
class A:
    def method(self):
        print("A")

class B(A):
    def method(self):
        print("B")
        super().method()

class C(A):
    def method(self):
        print("C")
        super().method()

class D(B, C):  # 菱形继承
    def method(self):
        print("D")
        super().method()

# MRO: D -> B -> C -> A -> object
print(D.__mro__)

d = D()
d.method()
# 输出:
# D
# B
# C
# A
</code>

===== 多态与鸭子类型 =====

==== 多态 ====

<code python>
class Animal:
    def speak(self):
        pass

class Dog(Animal):
    def speak(self):
        return "Woof!"

class Cat(Animal):
    def speak(self):
        return "Meow!"

def animal_concert(animals):
    """多态：不同类型的对象以相同接口处理"""
    for animal in animals:
        print(animal.speak())

# 同一接口，不同行为
animals = [Dog(), Cat(), Dog()]
animal_concert(animals)
</code>

==== 鸭子类型 ====

<code python>
class Duck:
    def swim(self):
        print("Duck swimming")
    def fly(self):
        print("Duck flying")

class Swan:
    def swim(self):
        print("Swan swimming")
    def fly(self):
        print("Swan flying")

class Goose:
    def swim(self):
        print("Goose swimming")
    def fly(self):
        print("Goose flying")

def water_bird_demo(bird):
    """
    鸭子类型：不关注对象类型，只关注是否有需要的方法
    "如果它走起来像鸭子，叫起来像鸭子，那它就是鸭子"
    """
    bird.swim()
    bird.fly()

# 不同类型的对象都可以传入
water_bird_demo(Duck())
water_bird_demo(Swan())
water_bird_demo(Goose())
</code>

===== 抽象基类 =====

<code python>
from abc import ABC, abstractmethod

class Shape(ABC):  # 抽象基类
    @abstractmethod
    def area(self):
        """子类必须实现此方法"""
        pass
    
    @abstractmethod
    def perimeter(self):
        pass
    
    def info(self):  # 可以有具体方法
        return f"Area: {self.area()}, Perimeter: {self.perimeter()}"

class Rectangle(Shape):
    def __init__(self, width, height):
        self.width = width
        self.height = height
    
    def area(self):
        return self.width * self.height
    
    def perimeter(self):
        return 2 * (self.width + self.height)

# shape = Shape()  # TypeError: 不能实例化抽象类
rect = Rectangle(5, 3)
print(rect.info())
</code>

===== 本章小结 =====

本章我们学习了：
  * 单继承和多继承
  * super()和MRO
  * 多态和鸭子类型
  * 抽象基类

下一章：[[python_course:chapter15|第十五章：模块与包]]
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